What is the main characteristic of negotiation as a form of ADR?

Negotiation as a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is characterized primarily by the ability of the parties involved to engage directly with one another to reach a settlement without requiring an external mediator or arbitrator. This method allows for open dialogue, which can lead to mutual understanding and agreement on the issues at hand. It is a voluntary process where both parties maintain control over the outcome, allowing for more flexible and tailored solutions that may not be possible in more formal dispute resolution methods.

In contrast, the involvement of a mediator or an arbitrator indicates a reliance on an external authority to help facilitate or decide the outcome, which does not align with the core characteristic of negotiation. Also, formal protocols are not a prerequisite in negotiation, as it is generally more informal and adaptable compared to other ADR processes.